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Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabeled as a drug, food or cosmetic.
Tesamorelin is a growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue consisting of standard GHRH to which an additional trans-3-hexanoic acid group has been added. Produced by Theratechnologies of Canada, Tesamorelin became the newest drug to be approved by the FDA for use in HIV-associated lipodystrophy in 2010. The peptide has also been investigated for its ability to improve peripheral nerve regeneration and as a potential intervention for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the precursor to dementia.
Sequence (Single Letter): Unk-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Gly-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Met-Ser-Arg-Gln-Gln-Gly-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gln-Glu-Arg-Gly-Ala-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu
Molecular Formula: C223H370N72O69S
Molecular Weight: 5195.908 g/mol
PubChem CID: 44147413
CAS Number: 901758-09-6
As a GHRH analogue, tesamorelin has all of the same effects as GHRH and GHRH analogues like sermorelin, GRF (1-29), CJC-1295, etc. The addition of trans-3-hexanoic acid to tesamorelin makes it more stable in human plasma and thus increases its half-life. Despite this increase in half-life, tesamorelin, like CJC-1295, preserves the physiological action of GHRH and thus has fewer side effects than similar molecules that obliterate normal pulsatile growth hormone (GH) release.
The primary use for tesamorelin is in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy, which arises both as a consequence of HIV infection and as a side effect of antiretroviral therapy. In lipodystrophy, fat accumulates excessively both in the abdomen and in other areas of the body. The physiologic mechanism responsible for this is not clearly understood, but it is thought that commonly used protease inhibitors play a large role in the pathogenesis of lipodystrophy[1].
Patients suffering from lipodystrophy initially had diet, exercise, and a handful of ineffective medications to rely on for treatment. If those did not work, surgery was a last-ditch, often ineffective, and frequently complicated solution. In 2010, however, the FDA approved tesamorelin specifically for the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. The drug has been found to reduce adiposity by nearly 20% in this population [1]. Research suggests that tesamorelin is approximately 4 times more effective in reducing adiposity than all of the other available therapies combined [2].
People with HIV are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), in part due to abnormal fat deposition and in part due to the actions of antiretroviral drugs themselves. Prevention of CVD in HIV-positive individuals is considered to be the most important medical intervention for long-term well-being, after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) of course. Until recently, statins have been the cornerstone of medical management in this population.
Research shows that tesamorelin, in addition to decreasing lipodystrophy, also reduces triglyceride levels, total cholesterol levels, and non-HDL-C levels in HIV-positive patients. A 15% reduction in visceral adipose tissue by tesamorelin correlates with a 50 mg decrease in trigylceride levels[3], [4].
Changes in triglyceride levels of HIV-positive patients who respond to tesamorelin.
Source: PubMed
It is worth noting that ectopic fat deposition, as seen in lipodystrophy, is associated with inflammation. Inflammation of any kind is a risk factor for CVD. Visceral adipose tissue, liver fat, and epicardial fat are all independently associated with increased risk of CVD. By reducing ectopic fat deposition, tesamorelin directly decreases inflammation and an individual’s risk for CVD.
Recent evidence suggests that HAART is associated with a number of endocrine and metabolic problems, including growth hormone (GH) deficiency. It appears that the pituitary gland is altered in HIV infection and, as a consequence, approximately one third of patients with HIV who are taking HAART have GH deficiency[5]. This may, to some extent, explain why lipodystrophy is so common in individuals with HIV and also why tesamorelin is such an effective treatment. Tesamorelin is a safer and more effective way to raise GH levels than administration of exogenous GH, particularly in HIV-positive individuals.
Peripheral nerve damage can be a consequence of injury, diabetes, or even surgical interventions. It often results in debilitating problems with both motor and sensory function in the affected area, but there is little that can be done to correct the problem because nerve cells are notoriously difficult to regenerate. Research, however, suggests that therapies based on growth hormone manipulation may improve peripheral nerve injury and increase both rate and extent of healing[6]. Tesamorelin is currently the leading candidate for such intervention, in part because it already has FDA approval.
There is now evidence to suggest that GHRH analogues, like tesamorelin, are effective in enhancing cognition in patients suffering from the early stages of dementia. A large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the University of Washington School of Medicine, carried out over twenty weeks, suggests that tesamorelin and other GHRH analogues may impact dementia by increase gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain and by decreasing myo-insoitol (MI) levels[7]. These findings open up a pathway for using tesamorelin in the treatment of dementia, but also suggest new areas for scientists to explore as they look for a cure or a preventative.
Tesamorelin improves both executive function and verbal memory in patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment.
Source: PubMed
Because it is FDA approved for use in humans, tesamorelin is an attractive peptide for ongoing clinical research. It is currently under review for its ability to reduce cardiovascular disease in HIV, improve healing of peripheral nerves following injury, and slow the progression of dementia. Clinical trials are already underway in several different areas.
Tesamorelin exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. Tesamorelin for sale at Peptide Sciences is limited to educational and scientific research only, not for human consumption. Only buy Tesamorelin if you are a licensed researcher.
The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.
The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.
AOD9604 is a modified version of fragment 176-191, which is itself a smaller, modified piece of human growth hormone (HGH). AOD9604 was originally developed as an anti-obesity drug due to its lipolytic (fat burning) properties. This peptide is valued for the fact that it has limited effects beyond fat burning. It does not appear to affect IGF-1 levels or insulin levels and therefore is not a risk factor in promoting glucose intolerance or diabetes[1]. There is also no evidence that the body forms antibodies against AOD9604 as it is similar enough in structure to HGH to avoid stimulating an immune system response[2].
Source: PubChem
Sequence: Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe Disulfide bridge Cys7-Cys15
Molecular Formula: C78H123N23O23S2
Molecular Weight: 1815.12 g/mol
PubChem CID: 16131447
CAS Number: 386264-39-7
AOD9604 was originally developed as an analogue of HGH with the express purpose of fighting fat. Phase 2b clinical trials were completed in Australia testing the drug in 300 obese individuals. The results of once daily administration of the peptide for 12 weeks showed that the drug tripled weight loss when compared to placebo and that the rate of weight loss remained steady during the trial period[3], [4]. This latter fact indicates that a resistance to the peptide is unlikely to arise and that longer-term treatment would result in even greater weight loss.
Research in mice that are genetically prone to obesity indicates that AOD9604 most likely does not work only by affecting the beta-3-adrenergic receptors found on white fat. It was originally speculated that the peptide bound in these receptors and increased the rate of metabolism in fat cells, shifting them from a storage mode to a usage mode. It turns out that even in mice that lack these receptors, fat loss takes place when AOD9604 is administered[5]. Though the beta-3-adrenergic receptor likely plays a role in fat loss secondary to AOD9604, at least one other mechanism must be in play as well. There is some thought that AOD9604 may indirectly activate apoptosis in white fat cells.
Body weight change in obese mice over 14-day treatment period with AOD9604 (squares), HGH (triangles), and placebo (circles).
Source: Oxford Academic
Research in rats indicates that injections of AOD9604 directly into arthritic joints can work in synergy with existing therapies to improve pain, reduce disability, and improve quality of life[6]. Changes in both gross clinical exam and microscopic structure of cartilage in the affected joints indicates that AOD9604 is effective in treating the root cause of osteoarthritis and may work as both a treatment and preventative. Though AOD9604 is effective in reducing joint dysfunction on its own, it works better in combination with other therapies. It isn’t clear how the synergy arises, but additional research using the peptide may reveal novel pathways for improving cartilage growth, a notoriously challenging clinical problem.
Though fat reduction and weight loss directly reduce the risk of heart disease, there is evidence to suggest that AOD9604 has beneficial effects on the heart beyond its ability to reduce fat burden. It is thought that the peptide may directly affect metabolism in such a way so as to reduce complications separate from its effects on obesity. This is not unheard of, as drugs like pioglitazone and acipimox both reduce metabolic complications without treating obesity at all. It is thought that the secondary pathway by which AOD9604 causes fat loss, the pathway that is independent of beta-3-adrenergic receptor activation, may play a role in improving metabolic metrics even while it boosts fat loss[7].
AOD9604 exhibits minimal side effects, high oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. AOD9604 for sale at Peptide Sciences is limited to educational and scientific research only, not for human consumption. Only buy AOD9604 if you are a licensed researcher.
The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.
Stier Heike studied biology and holds a PhD in Neurobiology (NMIReutlingen/ University of Hohenheim) and a Master in Bioinformatics (University of Applied Sciences-TFH-Berlin). She worked as a Post-Doc in several national and international Labs in Developmental Neurobiology (NMI-Reutlingen, School of Medicine – University of Utah) and in Bioinformatics (Institute of Bioinformatics – Charité, Berlin). Dr. Heike pioneered a study on the safety and tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. In 2007, she joined A&R where she was responsible for the field of regulatory affairs of herbal medicinal products, with a broad knowledge of the adjacent product categories medical device and supplements. Dr. Heike Stier currently works in the field of regulatory affairs for herbal medicinal products at analyze & realize GmbH.
Stier Heike is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of AOD9604. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Peptide Sciences and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Dr. Heike is listed in [8] under the referenced citations.
The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.
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All peptides sold by Peptide Pro are for research purposes only and are not intended for human or veterinary use. Please ensure compliance with local regulations before ordering.
